2023 SCMR 1155
Art . 92 --- Document , contents of ... Genuineness- Presumption attached with written documents --- Phrase ' acta probant sese ipsa ' --- Scope --- Once a document has been proved in accordance with law , the genuineness of its contents can be presumed and the rule the " document speaks for itself ( acta probant sese ipsa ) can be deployed --- Even otherwise , the rationale behind the presumptions attached to written documents stern out of both principle as well as policy --- Presumptions are a matter of principle because written documents are , by their very nature , to be accorded a higher degree of credibility as opposed to oral evidence --- It would bring uncertainty and chaos if written documents ( and valuable rights , if any , attached to them ) were allowed to be set aside on the basis of oral evidence --- That is why , as a general rule , documentary evidence cannot be overridden merely by oral evidence --- However , this is still a rebuttable presumption and a party seeking to rebut such a presumption must do so by bringing on record cogent and reliable evidence to the contrary .
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